Bridger Mountain Harmony Chorus

The chorus enjoys performing within our community. We have performed in many venues, including the Bozeman Senior Center, local nursing homes, the Livingston health fair, the Belgrade Festival of Lights, and, of course, the Chord Rustlers' annual show.

The chorus is a part of Sweet Adelines International Region 13 which holds an annual competition for choruses from Montana, Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, or southern Washington in April or May. Most recently they placed 6th overall and 2nd among small choruses in the 2012 Region 24 competition held in Spokane, WA. Next competition for our chorus will be April 2019; some of us will attend April 2018 competition.

Broad Cove Chorale/Unicorn Singers

The Broad Cove Chorale-Unicorn Singers, Inc. (BCC-US) of the South Shore of Massachusetts is a non-profit organization and community of volunteer, semi-professional, and fully professional musicians that are deeply committed to the core values of artistic excellence and community enrichment. We are composed of two adult choruses: a 16-member womens' chorus, the Broad Cove Chorale, and a 20-member mixed chorus, the Unicorn Singers.

BCC-US prides itself on its unique personality and range of activities. We perform a wide variety of music, from Bach to Brahms, from Barbershop to Broadway, often from memory and in costume. We hire no outside soloists, which means we attract excellent musicians who know they will have solo opportunities. Our director performs many of the administrative duties, which leaves our singers more time for singing! We are also unique in that we generate a much larger than usual percentage of our operating budget by our performing activities. We work hard to delight and enrich the lives of our singers and of the listening public of all ages on the South Shore and around Boston.

BroadBand

We create a distinctive treble sound on even the most complex arrangements. BroadBand is a Boston-area group dedicated to delivering a beautiful harmonic blend and an engaging a cappella performance experience for our audiences. We choose arrangements that are snazzy, melodic, unique. Our repertoire includes jazz, pop and contemporary styles of music.

It's part of our mission to make a cappella entertainment accessible for fundraisers, schools and other good causes. Singing is not a day job for any of the "Broads," so we make service to non-profits our performance priority. We are also very proud to have been selected to perform the National Anthem for the Boston Celtics (5 times and counting) and the Boston Red Sox.

Broadmoor Chamber Singers

Broadmoor Chamber Singers, a community chorus founded in 1979, enjoys singing classical, jazz, folk, spirituals, gospel, and popular music in all voice parts (SATB). Solo opportunities are available.

The singers include neighbors from all walks of life - accountants, students, journalists, stay at home parents, music teachers, engineers - and new members are always welcome.

Bronx Concert Singers

The love of singing is what brought the members of The Bronx Concert Singers together, but we have an even greater purpose. We desire to bring the downtown concert hall experience to communities within the Bronx and Greater New York where classical music programs might not be readily available. We seek to share with audiences our joy of performing great choral music, which includes European choral masterworks, music from contemporary composers and works from our world's various cultures. Our concerts are presented with professional orchestra or chamber ensemble, and have been a source of cultural enrichment since 1981. Our greatest desire is that our performances inspire people to make both choral and classical music a regular part of their cultural activities.

Bron’s Tones

Bron Dixon, a charter member and musical director of Sweet Adelines' Mobile (Alabama) Chapter, organized The Bron's Tones quartet in 1962. All four members were originally from Mobile but personnel changes and transfers divided the group between Birmingham and Mobile, creating a 260-mile, five hour drive for rehearsals. Early in 1971, the quartet had made a 17-day USO tour of military hospitals in the Pacific.

That same year they won the Sweet Adelines championship; the morning after winning, the new international champions made a special closed-circuit television performance at the request of former U.S. President Harry S. Truman. The Bron's Tones remained active until their retirement in 1978.

Brookdale Concordia Chorale

After 11 years as the Concordia Chorale, our 60-voice adult chamber choir became the resident chorus at Brookdale Community College in the fall of 2012. It is now the Brookdale Concordia Chorale. September brings us to our 19th season. Normally we rehearse in the Performing Arts Center building at Brookdale Lincroft campus on Monday nights at 8pm. We sing the masterworks of the classical repertory and we have performed a wide range of major works by Bach, Handel and Mozart in particular. Covid brought our live rehearsals and concerts to a halt in March of this year. Now we rehearse on Zoom and in the right hand column you can read the details of our performance plans. Singers are still joining the Chorale, happy to have an outlet for singing in a social environment.

Brookline A Cappella

Founded in October 2011, Brookline A Cappella is a soprano, alto, tenor, bass ensemble conducted by Susan Emmanouilidis.

Brookline A Cappella explores the wide diversity of a cappella music from Early Music through newly composed repertoire; from American music of all genres to music from cultures throughout the world.

We are an eclectic group of singers with backgrounds ranging from the classically trained to amateur rock and rollers and karaoke champions. We come together to share the magic of a cappella choral music with the greater Boston community; from formal concerts to performances at assisted care facilities, veteran's associations and festivals, our members simply enjoy the gift of collaborative singing.

Brooklyn Community Chorus

The Brooklyn Community Chorus (BCC) is a self-governing, egalitarian organization, open to all singers from diverse backgrounds, ages, and musical experiences. BCC is dedicated to exploring a variety of musical styles, including classical, spiritual, show tunes, folk, world, jazz, rock, and pop, and performed in both large-group and smaller ensemble settings. BCC focuses on vocal and choral techniques, creating a sense of musical and group harmony, and having serious fun.

Brooklyn Contemporary Chorus

Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir

The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir is directed by Carol Cymbala, the wife of Senior Pastor Jim Cymbala and the daughter of the church founder, the late Rev. Clair Hutchins. Although the Choir is composed of vocally untrained church members, it has been used by the Lord to present the love of God all over the world. The 285-voice choir has recorded three videos, three DVDs, and numerous albums, winning six Grammy Awards. "The choir represents all different walks of life and every kind of sin," Pastor Cymbala says. "You name it and we have someone who has been saved out of it, standing next to another one who has grown up in the church."

In the early 1980's, Carol Cymbala decided to "make a little tape for the church," and when she had trouble finding enough appropriate songs, she began writing them. Although she cannot read or write music, the Lord has given her a special gift to direct and create from the heart through the power of the Holy Spirit. After 25 years of recording and live performances, the Lord continues to use the Choir to carry the message of the Gospel around the world.

Brooklyn Women's Chorus

The Brooklyn Women's Chorus is a community chorus that was formed in October 1997 by Park Slope resident and musician, Bev Grant. The chorus has a repertoire ranging from South African freedom songs to socially relevant songs by contemporary American songwriters like Garth Brooks, Jackson Browne, Pat Humphries and Bev Grant, herself. Topics range from freedom and justice, to peace, resistance, and women's labor history.

Brooklyn Youth Chorus

At Brooklyn Youth Chorus, when we train singers, we nurture their voices and ambitions. Singing with a group exposes young people to what's possible - in music, their future careers, and in their community. They begin to understand that they belong in all spaces, that their voices matter.

We consider a young voice a resource that needs care, encouragement and time to blossom. The old-fashioned notion of learning by doing is alive here, paired with a modern, healthy approach so our singers can develop and thrive. Our singers are taught repertoire from a wide array of genres, featuring a broad representation of composers.

Our students learn to work as a team. We take a collaborative approach to learning, with the teacher as the facilitator, resulting in accountability to themselves and their peers. The skills derived from music experience carry over into all areas of life. The effort and time students put into chorus is visible and empowering.

Broomfield Civic Chorus

The Broomfield Civic Chorus, a non-profit singing group, was founded by Elis-Barbara Schipper in 1988. Over the years the group has grown from the original 25 members to a chorus of 40-45 singers. In June, 2007, the group joined other area choruses in performing Faure's "Requiem" at Carnegie Hall in New York City.

In addition to the Broomfield Civic Chorus, Ms. Schipper directs the choir at the Presbyterian Church of Broomfield, a position she has held since 1972. She graduated from the University of Colorado with a major in German and minors in music and English.

Brotherhood of Harmony Chorus

The Brotherhood of Harmony will strive to be a world-class performing arts organization that entertains audiences and spreads the spirit and vision of our society through a shared experience of musical excellence.

Brothers in Harmony

he Brothers in Harmony chapter of the Barbershop Harmony Society was originally chartered in 1983 as the Easton, Pennsylvania Brothers in Harmony, in 1997 the Brothers recruited Jack Pinto to be our director. That began a new era and the Brothers have racked up numerous successive major accomplishments, the most recent of which was a 6th place finish at the 2013 International Contest in Toronto.

The chorus relocated to Hamilton Square, New Jersey in 2009 to draw from the wider region from Delaware to Philadelphia to North Jersey. Since then we've seen steady growth surpassing 90 active members in early 2014. Many members travel over an hour to be a part of this special organization.

The Brothers are totally committed to excellence and we look forward to more wonderful accomplishments in the future.

Brylcream

Brylcream got it1s start in 1992 with Tommy "Cool T" Welter, John "Wopp" Mina, Richard "Richie" Beattie, Gary "G Man" Groneman, and Roy "Wolfman" Conklin. Since thier beginnings, Brylcream has graced the stages across the Southeast with many ledgendary performers such as The Coasters, Joey D and The Startlighers, Davey Jones and The Monkees, Johnny Maestro and his Brooklyn Bridge, The Temptations, The Four Tops, and many more. Today, Cool T, Wopp, and Richie join Jason "Jay Bird" Sullivan and Billy "Billy D" Louth, to form one of Southwest Florida's most requested Doo Wop Groups.

Bucks County Choral Society

The Bucks County Choral Society's mission is to give memorable performances of outstanding choral music and to enrich the community through the choral music experience.

Bucks County Country Gentlemen

Bucks County Women's Chorus

Thank you so much for your interest in the Bucks County Women's Chorus, a non-auditioned, 90-voice, all-female ensemble that performs a variety of light genre, from show tunes and standards to pop, jazz, folk tunes, spirituals, and more. Founded in 2012, we have spent 9 years honing our skills and presenting dozens of concerts throughout the Greater Philadelphia area. In addition, we have created a "singing sisterhood" that has provided a musical outlet for hosts of singers of all ages and levels of experience, and - as such - we have entertained thousands of audience members since our founding.

The women in the ensemble represent a variety of age groups and religious and ethnic backgrounds and hail from towns all around Bucks County and beyond, including Philadelphia and Montgomery Counties. Some have sung all their lives. Others haven't sung in a chorus since high school or college or have never participated in a choral program. But all share a love for singing and a desire to participate in a quality ensemble.

Bucks-Mont Camerata Chorus

Buckthorns

The Buckthorns have their roots (pun intended) in performances that began in 1994. Several members of the Lake Forest Open Lands Association were invited to provide musical entertainment for one of the group's events. The performance was so well received that the singers were invited to perform at subsequent Open Lands events.

The singers officially assumed the name The Buckthorns for a performance at a private Christmas party in 1995. The group named themselves "The Buckthorns", after the Glossy Buckthorn plant, a "bad weed" that springs up everywhere. Consistent with their namesake, The Buckthorns began receiving invitations to perform at many other community events.

Buena Park Chorus

Buffalo Bills

In 1947, baritone Hershel Smith, a corporate executive, and lead singer Al Shea, a policeman, got together at Smith's home in Buffalo New York with the idea of forming a barbershop quartet. Tenor Vern Reed, an executive for a boy's club, and bass Bill Spangenberg, a truck driver for a steel company were added. The quartet competed at various competitions with modest success. Shortly afterward, Smith was promoted and transferred to Madison Wisconsin, and the quartet was disbanded. Had they not reorganized, the entire face of barbershop harmony may have been vastly different than it is today.

However, Shea and Reed insisted on continuing, and they found baritone Dick Grapes. The quartet blossomed quickly, winning a national competition in 1950, and developing quite a fan club. Over the next few years, they booked many engagements and cut some records.

Buffalo Choral Arts Society

Buffalo Choral Arts Society (BCAS) is a 115-voice auditioned choral ensemble under the direction of Marcia A. Giambrone, who has served as Conductor and Music Director since 1987.

During her tenure, the chorus has broadened its scope to perform a wide range of musical genres from classical to sacred to Broadway. BCAS members come from all walks of life, and our diverse performance venues and varied repertoire are the hallmark of this ensemble.

Buffalo Gateway Show Chorus

Chartered in 1964, the Buffalo Gateway Chorus is an award-winning Western New York-based nonprofit organization of 90 women singers. We celebrated our 50th anniversary in 2014 and we're still going strong! Ignite a spark that may have been dormant inside of you and visit us on any Wednesday night from 7:00 to 10:00 p.m.. You will find that the energy, musical excellence and friendship is unsurpassed in WNY choral circles!

Buffalo Gay Men's Chorus

Buffalo GirlChoir

The mission of Buffalo Girlchoir is to provide exceptional music instruction to young women from all social strata culminating in transcendent performances at the highest level of artistic excellence, facilitating their development into self-assured young women.

Buffalo Philharmonic Chorus

An independent, non-profit organization with more than one hundred auditioned voices; comprised of skilled and committed singers who continually develop and pursue its tradition of excellence.

Bull Run Troubadours

We love to SING! And we sing every week!

The Bull Run Troubadours is a Barbershop Harmony chorus dedicated to the harmonious blend of Barbershop Music. Our members come from all walks of life but have one thing in common, a love of singing! And, like the Marines, we're looking for a few good men. We are part of the Barbershop Harmony Society, 30,000 strong, the largest all-male, singing organization in the world. Come sing with us!

We sing at hospitals, museums, senior centers, malls, churches, historical sites, baseball & basketball games, festivals, stores, just about anywhere and everywhere! We sing for anniversaries, birthdays, holidays, and we deliver Singing Valentines, too!

Burbank Chorale

The Burbank Chorale is a community chorus founded in 1920, making it the oldest continuously performing arts group in the San Fernando Valley. We require a basic vocal audition to join the Chorale. Once you are a member, you will have the opportunity to audition for solo parts. As a group, our focus is on entertaining the community and inspiring interest in the live performance of choral music. As individual singers, our focus is on musical education, teamwork, and personal growth.

The Burbank Chorale currently numbers approximately 70 singers, ranging in age from 25 to 80 and representing a variety of backgrounds. Members range from highly experienced professionals to enthusiastic amateurs. The core repertoire encompasses classic masterworks by Handel, Mozart, Bach and Brahms, augmented by the music of Broadway, pop favorites, and music from diverse cultures.

The Burbank Chorale's has two semesters per year with our concert season runing from September through April, presenting two concerts per season (one in December, one in April). The Chorale also participates in community events, such as holiday caroling.

Rehearsals are held Tuesday evenings from 7:00 to 9:30 p.m. at Rehearsal Location: St. Matthew's Lutheran Church 1920 W. Glenoaks Blvd., Glendale, CA 91201. Membership dues are $80 per semester/$160 per season.

The Burbank Chorale has an elected Executive Board that meets once a month. Input is always welcome and everyone in the Chorale is invited to attend. In addition, there are many other opportunities for involvement within the Chorale, such as section leadership and auxiliary committees.

The Burbank Chorale is a A 501 (C)(3) Non-profit Organization. Financial support for the Burbank Chorale comes from member's dues, individual and business donations, and a grant from the Los Angeles County Arts Commission.

Business Casual

Business Casual is an a cappella band based out of the San Francisco Bay Area. Combining elements of pop, jazz, and other genres, this young all-vocal group puts a fresh spin on vintage chart toppers and today's hits. Winners of the National Harmony Sweepstakes a cappella competition in 2018, Business Casual has performed at weddings, corporate events, and live public shows throughout the Bay Area since 2012.

Butter Babes

The ladies of The Butter Babes, Lark Coryell, Becca Burrington, and Alexis Lane Jensen, discovered their love of singing luscious, 3-part harmonies with each other when they were all members of the Grammy Nominated Pacific Mozart Ensemble. At the behest and encouragement of their audiences and fellow singers, they decided to move beyond PME's annual A Cappella Jazz & Pop concerts, and take their show on the road (as it were)!

Individually, they have sung with such organizations as the SF Symphony Chorus, Oakland Chamber Chorus, Solstice (previous Harmony Sweepstakes regional champions), The Mirabai Ensemble, SF/Grand Tetons Festival Chorus, VoiceCraft, West Edge Opera, Oakland Opera Theater, Lamplighters Musical Theater and The Merrie Olde Christmas Carolers. Together, they hope to spread their buttery sound over the whole Bay Area and beyond!

Buzz

We certainly have heard the buzz on this group! With an outstanding pedigree including lead Debbi Connelly (the two-time medal-winning wife of legendary Joe Connelly!) and Tenor Nancy Fuhrmann from champions City Lights, the quartet won the championship their first time out in 2005!

Tenor, Nancy Cloeter sang tenor with the 1992 Champion Quartet 'City Lights', with whom she traveled and performed extensively. Lead, Debbie Cleveland is a high school choral director, and frequent clinician for Youth Harmony events. She sang lead with 'Showtime', the 1994 champs, and is a member of the Sweet Adelines International Faculty. Baritone, Karen Breidert is on the Sweet Adelines International Faculty, and is a Past International President. She is also director of the International Competitor 'Spirit of the Gulf' chorus in Ft. Myers, and is a popular coach in barbershop circles.

BVS Women's Choir

BVS Women's Choir is a 45-member multigenerational group dedicated to excellence in choral singing. Based in Brooklyn, NY, our mission is to enrich our members and audiences by performing a diverse repertoire, with an emphasis on female and contemporary choral composers. Throughout its 19-year history, BVS Women's Choir has become a musical community of its own. BVS is also a 501(c)3 organization.

BVS presents several concerts throughout the year, including regularly scheduled performances in different locations in Brooklyn. We have also performed at Madison Square Garden and Lincoln Center and along with the New York Treble Singers, the Davidson Singers, Damkoren SALT (from Sweden), and Coro Musa (from Japan). BVS performed at the University of Texas in El Paso in the spring of 2016 and toured Seattle and Portland in 2018, performing with Con Brio and Aurora Women's Choir. Our concerts have included Anne Frank: A Living Voice by Linda Tutas Hagen, Call by Joan Szymko, A Blessing of Cranes by Abbie Betinis, Songs for Women's Voices by Gwyneth Walker, and Still I Rise by Rosephanye Powell. Other recent performances included Breathe in Hope by Dale Trumbore and/or Radium Girl (Commission) by Michael Bussewitz-Quarm.

BYU Concert Choir

Brigham Young University Concert Choir comprises 100 advanced singers who are committed to a challenging choral experience. This very select ensemble has acquired an outstanding reputation for its captivating performances of a wide variety of repertoire taken from the great choral literature, encompassing many different styles and genres.

Although the Concert Choir does not generally tour, they have a rigorous performance schedule both on and off campus, which requires substantial dedication and stamina. All programs, which usually contain pieces in several different languages, are performed from memory. Although the huge variety and quantity of literature demands enormous flexibility and commitment, the rewards in terms of both educational and musical experience are rich and plentiful.

BYU Men's Chorus

The Brigham Young University Men's Chorus is thought to be the largest collegiate male choral organization in the country. Founded in 1958, it has steadily grown to its present membership of 190 voices, with over 400 annually auditioning for the ensemble. As a result of its versatile literature and engaging performance style, the BYU Men's Chorus has captured the admiration of audiences throughout the Western United States and beyond. Each year the choir includes a diverse and unique representation of the university community. Choir members originate not only from the United States and Canada, but from countries throughout the world. Of the 190 members only 18 are music majors with the remainder drawn from every college and department of the university. Over 130 members of the chorus have served LDS missions throughout the world, and a large number are planning to serve after their 19th birthdays.

BYU Noteworthy

The ladies of Noteworthy want to uplift all those that hear and see them sing. After producing highly acclaimed recordings, touring throughout the United States, winning the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella as one of two all-female groups in ICCA history, appearing on the "The Sing-Off," and releasing the most-viewed music video for collegiate a cappella, "Amazing Grace" in 2016 with 46 million views and rising. This nine-voice, all-female ensemble has quickly become one of the most popular collegiate a cappella groups in the nation.

BYU Singers

Brigham Young University Singers is a small, select choir of flexible singer-musicians. As one of the major touring ensembles of the university, the Singers have traveled throughout the United States, including Hawaii; twice to Russia; three times to Israel; to Australia and New Zealand; to the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, including the Baltic States; to West Africa; and to South Africa. The choir traveled through the British Isles in May 2009, placing second in the Fleischmann International Trophy Competition at the Cork International Choral Festival. The choir has attained the reputation of a captivating, versatile choir with an impressive range of repertoire and style.

BYU Vocal Point

Vocal Point was founded in the tradition of college glee-clubs, but the group propels a cappella music far beyond its traditional bounds. Chosen through an extensive audition process, the nine members of Vocal Point combine rich vocal talent with clever arrangements and staging in an electrifying concert program. As one of BYU's newest musical ensembles, Vocal Point has established itself as one of the most popular singing groups on campus. It has also won a strong following from its performances and workshops throughout the western United States.

BYU Women's Chorus

The Women's Chorus is a large group of select, versatile singers who perform a diverse repertoire extending from medieval and renaissance works to masterpieces of our own time. Folk music and other varied genres are included in the choir's study and performances. The choir is well known for its beautiful, blended sound from pristine, quiet unison to the majesty of large textured sonorities. Sensitive musicianship and constant improvement are goals for each rehearsal and performance. An audition is required, and a two semester commitment is expected.

Cable Car Chorus

For over 65 years, the San Francisco Cable Car Chorus has delighted audiences with men's four-part a capella harmony in the traditional Barbershop Style. We sing at public events, private parties, concerts, and deliver Singing Valentines during that special time of year.

Cache Childrens Choir

Preparatory Classes are designed to prepare young singers for a lifetime of rewarding participation in music. These Fundamental singing experiences will prepare students to eventually participate in more formal choirs. Age-appropriate musical activities promote a love of singing and group music-making.

Caliente Community Chorus

Caliente Community Chorus is a diverse, non-auditioned volunteer choir ensemble of fun-loving melody makers who strive to inspire both our audience members and our choir partners, to provide a creative outlet for our singers and to travel to exotic locations where musical experiences transcend language and cultural barriers. Caliente's goal is to continue to grow in quality and artistry with every performance.

Members are inspired to care passionately about the quality of their vocal sound, the professionalism of their performances, and the value of a quality production. To that end, we have collaborated with other community organizations such as local college and high school choirs, brass and orchestra ensembles, and San Juan Symphony. We also strive to seek new venues and performances opportunities, penetrate new markets, and explore new programming opportunities that might involve other groups such as other choirs, dancers, actors, instrumental ensembles, as well as the use of visual arts to enhance our production.

Works performed are diverse in both variety and difficulty and include opera choruses, cathedral classics, world folk tunes, jazz standards, and traditional Broadway and cinema greats.

California Bach Society

The California Bach Society, a 30-voice chamber chorus, has established a reputation for its interpretations of Renaissance and Baroque choral music. Specializing in historically informed performances since 1998, the choir has shared the stage with such early music luminaries as Magnificat and members of the Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra, and was a featured concert presenter at the 2000 Berkeley Early Music Festival.

California Desert Chorale

California HEAT Chorus

California HEAT Chorus is a Sweet Adelines International membership organization of female singers, who meet regularly to practice, perform, socialize, and have fun! We currently are a small chorus with singers of all ages, all walks of life from all areas of Northern California. The purpose of the California HEAT Chorus is to showcase the craft of a Cappella barbershop style singing for our community. We sing at annual shows, a number of community events, and at an annual competition

California Note Catchers

The California Note Catchers is a women's barbershop harmony chorus based in San Diego County. We are a non-profit organization and are affiliated with the international barbershop organization, Harmony, Incorporated.

We perform at local and community venues and we work hard to perfect the songs we perform. We have fun and our chorus members have made friendships that will last a lifetime. To find out more about us and whether you'd be interested in joining us, see the Visitors section. If you're interested in having us sing at a function, either private or public, please see the Schedule a Performance section. If you're a current member looking for information about upcoming events and music, visit the Current Members section. If you have a question that doesn't fit into any of these categories, you may Contact Us for more information.

California Redwood Chorale

California Redwood Chorale was founded in 2006 with the mission of offering excellence and joy to our audience and our singers. Our repertoire ranges from classics to contemporary. The chorale has also been dedicated to creating "Music Diplomacy" by traveling to other countries where we share our music and hearts performing Friendship Concerts with local choirs. We have performed in Hungary, Austria, Italy, Canada, Puerto Rico, and Santa Fe. Each season, CRC gives concerts in the North Bay.

Calling All Choir

Led by notable Bay Area musician/composer, Mark Growden, The Calling All Choir brings together diverse voices in a unique experience that touches audiences and changes lives. Coming into its 5th season, this inclusive community chorus, which is open to anyone who desires to sing, includes seasoned professionals, those who have never sang before, and all levels in between. Members range in age from 8 through their 80s.